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basic income
An unconditional basic income (also called basic income, basic income guarantee, universal basic income, universal demogrant, or citizen’s income) is a form of social security system〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Basic Income )〕 in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere.
An unconditional income transfer of less than the poverty line is sometimes referred to as a "partial basic income".
Basic income systems that are financed by the profits of publicly owned enterprises (often called social dividend or citizen's dividend) are major components in many proposed models of market socialism.〔''Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism'', by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.〕 Basic income schemes have also been promoted within the context of capitalist systems, where they would be financed through various forms of taxation.〔''Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism'', by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp 485-511. April 1992.〕
Similar proposals for "capital grants provided at the age of majority" date to Thomas Paine's ''Agrarian Justice'' of 1795, there paired with asset-based egalitarianism. The phrase "social dividend" was commonly used as a synonym for basic income in the English-speaking world before 1986, after which the phrase "basic income" gained widespread currency.〔''Who framed 'social dividend'?'', by Van Tier, Walter. March 2002. USBIG Conference, CUNY.〕 Prominent advocates of the concept include Philippe Van Parijs, Ailsa McKay,〔 André Gorz, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, and Guy Standing.
==Topics in relation to basic income==
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